Research Output

Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain (eds), Research Handbook on War Crimes (under contract with Elgar, 2023 forthcoming)
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘International Law and the Regulation of Autonomous Military Capabilities’, European Journal of International Law (2023 forthcoming)
Paola Gaeta, ‘Types of War Crimes’, in Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain (eds), Research Handbook on War Crimes (under contract with Elgar, 2023 forthcoming)
Paola Gaeta, ‘Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions and the Question of Their Customary Status’, in Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain (eds), Research Handbook on War Crimes (under contract with Elgar, 2023 forthcoming)
Marta Bo and Taylor Woodcock, ‘Weapons Law and War Crimes’, in Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain (eds), Research Handbook on War Crimes (under contract with Elgar, 2023 forthcoming)
Marta Bo and Ana Srovin Coralli, ‘Omission and War Crimes’, in Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain (eds), Research Handbook on War Crimes (under contract with Elgar, 2023 forthcoming)
Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Military Applications of Autonomous Technologies, War Crimes and the Responsibility Gap’, in Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain (eds), Research Handbook on War Crimes (under contract with Elgar, 2023 forthcoming)
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘The Concept of Attack in War Crimes Law’, in Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain (eds), Research Handbook on War Crimes (under contract with Elgar, 2023 forthcoming)
Paola Gaeta and Marta Bo (guest editors), Autonomous Weapon Systems and Issues of Responsibility, Special Issue of the Journal of International Criminal Justice (2023, forthcoming)
Paola Gaeta, ‘The Debate on ‘Autonomy’ of Weapon Systems and its Relevance in Addressing the Question of the Responsibility Gap for War Crimes’, in Autonomous Weapon Systems and Issues of Responsibility, Special Issue of the Journal of International Criminal Justice (2023, forthcoming)
Marta Bo, ‘Failure to Exercise Human Control Over Autonomous Weapons and Criminal Responsibility’, in Autonomous Weapon Systems and Issues of Responsibility, in Special Issue of the Journal of International Criminal Justice (2023, forthcoming)
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Autonomous Military Capabilities and Errors: Responsibility Under International Humanitarian Law’, in Autonomous Weapon Systems and Issues of Responsibility, Special Issue of the Journal of International Criminal Justice (2023, forthcoming)
Alessandra Spadaro, ‘Supervisory Duties and Human Control Over Autonomous Weapons: The Scope of Superior Responsibility Under International Law’, in Autonomous Weapon Systems and Issues of Responsibility, Special Issue of the Journal of International Criminal Justice (2023, forthcoming)
Marta Bo, ‘Are Programmers in or ‘out of’ Control of Algorithmic Decision-Making? The Individual Criminal Responsibility of Programmers of Autonomous Weapons and Self-Driving Cars’, in Sabine Gless (ed), Human-Robot Interaction in Law and its Narratives: Legal Blame, Criminal Law, and Procedure (CUP forthcoming 2023)
Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Individualisation of IHL Rules Through Criminal Responsibility for War Crimes and Some (Un)Intended Consequences‘, in Dapo Akande and Jennifer Welsh (eds), The Individualisation of War (OUP forthcoming 2023)
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Autonomous Cyber Capabilities and Individual Criminal Responsibility for War Crimes’, in Rain Liivoja and Ann Väljataga (eds), Autonomous Cyber Capabilities Under International Law 291-320 (NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre 2021)
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘The Ntaganda Appeal Judgment and the Meaning of ‘Attack’ in Conduct of Hostilities War Crimes‘, EJIL: Talk!, 2 April 2021
Marta Bo, ‘Autonomy in Weapons and Targeting: The Responsibility Gap in Light of the Mens Rea of the War Crime of Attacking Civilians‘, 19(2) Journal of International Criminal Justice 275 (2021)
Victoria Priori, ‘Artificial Intelligence, a Technology in Need of Answers’, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, 12 January 2021
Marta Bo, ‘Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Weapon Systems: An (International) Criminal Law Account‘, Opinio Juris, 18 December 2020
Survey on Lethal Autonomous Weapons, December 2019
Bibliography of Resources Relating to Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems, 25 November 2019
Marta Bo and Taylor Woodcock, ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapons, War Crimes and the Convention on Conventional Weapons‘, The Global, 28 May 2019
Paola Gaeta, ‘Violence, Killer Robots and Regulation’, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, 16 May 2019
Paola Gaeta, ‘Robots and Criminal Responsibility’, The Globe, The Graduate Institute Review (2018), no. 22, p. 12
Marta Bo, ‘Who is Criminally Responsible for the Commission of War Crimes When Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems are Deployed in Armed Conflicts’, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, 21 September 2018

Conference papers and presentations

Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems’, Summer School on International Affairs: Module on Digital Technologies, Democracy and International Relations, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, 15 July 2022
Marta Bo, ‘Are Programmers In or ‘Out of’ Control? The Individual Criminal Responsibility of Programmers of Self-Driving Cars and Autonomous Weapons’, at Human-Robot Interaction – A Digital Shift in the Law?, University of Basel, 22 June 2022
Marta Bo, ‘Meaningful Human Control: An International Criminal Law Account’, at Author Workshop for Filippo Santoni de Sio et al (eds), Research Handbook on Meaningful Human Control of Artificial Intelligence Systems (Elgar forthcoming 2023), 24 April 2022
Paola Gaeta, ‘The Problem of Over-Criminalisation of IHL Violations as War Crimes’, at Exploring Opportunities for Improvement of International Peace and Security: 22nd International Congress of the International Society of Military Law and the Law of War in Florence, 10 May 2022
Paola Gaeta, ‘Le responsabilità morali nella cyber war (Moral responsibilities in cyber war)’, in panel discussion on Armi autonome e responsabilità morali (Autonomous weapons and moral responsibility), at Festival dell’etica pubblica (Festival on public ethics) in Rome, 7 May 2022
Marta Bo, ‘AI and Individual Criminal Responsibility’, Asser Institute Winter Academy 2022 on Artificial Intelligence and International Law, 24 February 2022
Marta Bo, ‘The AI Conundrum: Algorithms and Human Responsibility in Armed Conflicts’, SIPRI 2021 Stockholm Security Conference, 8 November 2021
Marta Bo, ‘Meaningful Human Control Over AI-Powered Military Systems: An (International) Criminal Law Perspective, Legal Priorities Project, 17 September 2021
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘LAWS in International Law‘, Pre-Conference Workshop of the European Society of International Law Interest Group on International Law and Technology at the European Society Annual Conference 2021, 7 September 2021
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems’, Summer School on International Affairs: Module on Digital Technologies, Democracy and International Relations, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, 13 July 2021
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘LAWS in International Law’, Asser Institut Research Seminars, 6 May 2021
Marta Bo, ‘Failure to Stop and Responsibility by Omission for War Crimes Committed with Autonomous Weapons’, ‘AI and Normative Challenges: International and Comparative Legal Perspectives‘ – conference organised by the European Society of International Law and the Kalliopi Koufa Foundation at the University of Thessaloniki, 2 April 2021
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Deconstruction of International Legal Discourse on Lethal Autonomy‘, EUI Doctoral Forum on International Law, 8 March 2021
Marta Bo, ‘Signature Strikes and the “Personalization of war” in and beyond Counter-Terrorism: Accountability Problems’, Workshop on ‘Big Data in the Counter-Terrorism Context: Uses and Boundaries’, ICCT and Asser Institut, 26 January 2021
Marta Bo, ‘Autonomy in Weapons and Targeting: the Responsibility Gap in the ICC Statute in light of the Mens Rea of the War Crime of Attacking Civilians’, Asser Institut Research Seminars, 28 October 2020
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Autonomous Cyber Capabilities and Individual Criminal Responsibility for War Crimes‘, NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence conference on ‘Autonomous Cyber Capabilities and International Law’, 28 September 2020
Marta Bo, ‘Inteligencia artificial, selección de objetivos militares (targeting) y ataques indiscriminados contra la población civil‘, Faculty of Law, University of Buenos Aires, 2 July 2020
Marta Bo, ‘Sistemas Letales de Armas Autónomas y Elemento Subjetivo de los Crímenes de Guerra’ Facultad de Derecho, Universidad Torcuato di Tella, Buenos Aires, 30 April 2020
Abhimanyu George Jain invited to serve as discussant for session on ‘Intersections of Storytelling and Making: Present Futures of Gender, AI and Robots’ at workshop on ‘Diffracting AI and Robotics: Decolonial and Feminist Perspectives’, Goethe University, 12 October 2019
Marta Bo: ‘The Human-Weapon Relationship in the Age of Autonomous Weapons and the Attribution of Criminal Responsibility for War Crimes’, WeRobot 2019 conference, University of Miami School of Law, 12 April 2019
Marta Bo, ‘Responsibility for War Crimes and Culpability Theories in the Age of Autonomous Weapons’, 8th Annual Cambridge International Law Conference, University of Cambridge, 20 March 2019
Marta Bo and Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and Individual Criminal Responsibility’, Asser Institute Winter Academy 2019, 14 February 2019

Policy and public engagement and expert meetings

Paola Gaeta and Marta Bo organised an authors’ workshop for their co-edited symposium issue of the Journal of International Criminal Justice on Lethal Autonomous Weapons and the Responsibility Gap for War Crimes, 31 October 2022 (forthcoming)
Paola Gaeta interviewed by the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights about lethal autonomous weapons systems and war crimes, 7 July 2022
Marta Bo interviewed on an episode of the University of Queensland School of Law’s podcast ‘Law and the Future of War’ on autonomous weapon systems and international criminal law, July 2022
Paola Gaeta and Marta Bo organised an authors’ workshop for their co-edited symposium issue of the Journal of International Criminal Justice on Lethal Autonomous Weapons and the Responsibility Gap for War Crimes, 31 May 2022
Marta Bo organised a SIPRI expert meeting on state and individual criminal responsibility for the development and use of autonomous weapon systems , 8-10 February 2022
Paola Gaeta interviewed by Jean-Philippe Schaller on the RTS TV program Geopolitis in an episode on ‘Les guerres du futur‘ (bonus feature on the episode), 16 January 2022
The LAWS & War Crimes project team produced and hosted a 10-episode podcast titled ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapons: 10 Things We Want to Know’
Marta Bo interviewed on an episode of the podcast ‘On AiR: IR in the age of AI’ on autonomous weapons systems and accountability under international criminal law, 6 June 2021
Paola Gaeta and Marta Bo contributed as experts to Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Humanitarian Law: Identifying Limits and the Required Type and Degree of Human–Machine Interaction (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute), June 2021
Paola Gaeta participated in a workshop organized by UNIDIR on ‘Malign Uses of Weaponized Autonomy and AI’, 26 April 2021
Bram Goede, Shimona Mohan, Abby Naumann and Shubhangi Priya, Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and Existing Legal Frameworks. An Analysis of Selected National Regulations and Expert Interviews (Capstone project report) 2021
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘Politics and Subjects in Civil Society’s Turn to AI’, expert workshop on ‘Artificial Intelligence and Civil Society Participation in Policy-Making Processes’, University of Geneva, 10 December 2020
Paola Gaeta and Marta Bo invited to participate in sessions on individual and state responsibility in relation to lethal autonomous weapons systems in the SIPRI expert discussion series, 17-18 June 2020
Abhimanyu George Jain, ‘AI Technologies and Democracy: Concerns for Today and Tomorrow’, expert meeting on ‘Building Resilient Democracies? The Global Significance of EU Initiatives to Safeguard Digital Citizen Engagement and Online Democratic Processes’, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, 9 December 2019
Paola Gaeta participated in the ICRC Expert Meeting on ‘Autonomous Weapons Systems: Implications of Increasing Autonomy in the Critical Functions of Weapons’, 15-16 April 2016

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